Do you ever wonder about the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism? In this article, we will explore the distinctions between these two major branches of Buddhism. From the differing beliefs on enlightenment to the contrasting practices and teachings, you will gain a deeper understanding of how Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism diverge in their approaches. Get ready to embark on a fascinating journey into the world of Buddhism and uncover the unique aspects that separate these two traditions.
History and Origins
Origins of Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism, also known as the School of Elders, traces its origins back to the teachings of the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama. After achieving enlightenment in the 5th century BCE, the Buddha began sharing his teachings, which were eventually compiled into the Pali Canon, also known as the Tipitaka. Theravada Buddhism emerged as a distinct branch in ancient India and was initially prevalent in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
Origins of Mahayana Buddhism
In contrast, Mahayana Buddhism originated around the same time as Theravada but took a different philosophical and religious path. While Theravada focused on following the original teachings of the Buddha, Mahayana developed new doctrines and placed emphasis on the ideal of the bodhisattva, a being committed to attaining enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings. Mahayana spread to China, Japan, Korea, and other parts of East and Central Asia, captivating a broader audience beyond monastic circles.
Scriptures and Texts
Pali Canon – The Tipitaka
The Pali Canon, also known as the Tipitaka, is the foundational text of Theravada Buddhism. Consisting of three baskets (tipitaka), the Pali Canon comprises the Vinaya Pitaka (rules for monastic discipline), the Sutta Pitaka (discourses of the Buddha), and the Abhidhamma Pitaka (philosophical analysis). The Pali Canon is written in the ancient language of Pali and is highly revered by Theravada practitioners as the most authoritative source of the Buddha’s teachings.
Mahayana Sutras
Mahayana Buddhism, on the other hand, places significance on additional sutras and texts that go beyond the Pali Canon. These Mahayana Sutras contain profound teachings and stories about various bodhisattvas, celestial Buddhas, and realms. Some renowned Mahayana sutras include the Lotus Sutra, the Heart Sutra, and the Diamond Sutra. These texts encapsulate the Mahayana ideal of embracing compassion and wisdom to attain enlightenment for the sake of all beings.
Philosophical Approach
Theravada – The Way of the Elders
Theravada Buddhism focuses on the original teachings of the Buddha, emphasizing the individual’s responsibility for their own liberation. It encourages practitioners to follow a disciplined path of meditation, mindfulness, and ethical conduct to achieve enlightenment. The tradition places great emphasis on attaining the state of an arhat, an individual who has ended the cycle of rebirth and attained liberation from suffering.
Mahayana – The Great Vehicle
Mahayana Buddhism, referring to itself as the “Great Vehicle,” takes a broader and more inclusive approach. It promotes the idea that all beings have the potential to become enlightened and advocates for the practice of compassion and altruism. Mahayana sees the path to enlightenment as not only benefiting oneself but also others. The concept of the bodhisattva, an enlightened being who postpones their own liberation to aid others, lies at the heart of Mahayana philosophy.
Objective of Practice
Theravada – Individual Liberation (Arhat)
The objective of practice in Theravada Buddhism is primarily focused on individual liberation. By diligently following the teachings of the Buddha, individuals aim to attain arhatship, which represents the highest stage of liberation within the Theravada tradition. An arhat is one who has achieved complete liberation from the cycle of birth and death, realizing the ultimate truth and extinguishing all defilements.
Mahayana – Enlightenment for All (Bodhisattva)
Contrasting with Theravada, Mahayana Buddhism has a more altruistic goal: enlightenment for the sake of all beings. The Mahayana tradition views the bodhisattva path as the pinnacle of practice. Bodhisattvas vow to continually work for the liberation and happiness of all sentient beings until complete enlightenment is attained. The bodhisattva ideal encapsulates the compassionate spirit of Mahayana Buddhism, highlighting the interconnectedness of all beings.
Concept of Buddha
Theravada – Historical Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama)
Theravada Buddhism reveres the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, as the primary figure of inspiration and realization. Theravada followers believe that Gautama Buddha was an exemplary human being who achieved enlightenment through perfecting his qualities of wisdom, compassion, and moral conduct. They view the Buddha as a remarkable teacher and guide who revealed the path to liberation.
Mahayana – Eternal Buddha Nature
In Mahayana Buddhism, the concept of Buddha expands beyond the historical figure of Siddhartha Gautama. Mahayana teaches that all sentient beings possess an inherent Buddha nature, the potential to awaken and become Buddhas themselves. Mahayana practitioners aspire to recognize and cultivate this Buddha nature within themselves and others, embracing the idea that enlightenment is attainable for everyone.
Role of Monasticism
Theravada Monastic Tradition
Monasticism is highly valued in Theravada Buddhism and is considered essential for those pursuing a monastic life. The monastic Sangha, consisting of bhikkhus (monks) and bhikkhunis (nuns), plays a significant role in preserving the teachings of the Buddha. Monks and nuns dedicate their lives to study, meditation, and preserving the purity of the Buddha’s teachings. Monastic institutions serve as educational centers, guiding lay practitioners and upholding the monastic discipline.
Mahayana Monastic Tradition
While Mahayana Buddhism also respects monasticism, its focus is not solely on the monastic Sangha. Mahayana places importance on the role of lay practitioners and encourages them to participate actively in the pursuit of enlightenment. Laypeople can engage in various practices such as chanting, making offerings, and supporting monastic communities. In Mahayana, the ideal of the bodhisattva can be pursued both within and outside monastic life.
Influence of Bodhisattva Ideal
Theravada Approach to Bodhisattva Ideal
Theravada Buddhism acknowledges the bodhisattva ideal but does not emphasize it as the primary path to enlightenment. Within the Theravada tradition, some dedicated practitioners may aspire to become bodhisattvas, but the focus remains on individual liberation. The compassionate qualities associated with the bodhisattva are often cultivated to benefit oneself and others, but the goal is still directed towards personal liberation.
Mahayana Emphasis on Bodhisattva Ideal
In Mahayana Buddhism, the bodhisattva ideal occupies a central position. Mahayana practitioners aspire to become bodhisattvas and vow to work diligently for the liberation of all beings. Compassion, loving-kindness, and wisdom are cultivated as essential qualities on the bodhisattva path. The ultimate goal of Mahayana practice is not only self-enlightenment but also the rescue and guidance of all sentient beings toward liberation.
Worship and Devotion
Theravada – Focus on Self-Reliance
Theravada Buddhism places a strong emphasis on self-reliance and self-effort in the pursuit of enlightenment. While Theravada practitioners may engage in devotional practices such as bowing, offering flowers, and chanting, the core focus is on personal cultivation through meditation, study, and ethical living. The emphasis is on one’s individual responsibility in following the path to liberation.
Mahayana – Emphasis on Devotion and Faith
In Mahayana Buddhism, devotion and faith play a more significant role, harmonizing with the pursuit of wisdom and compassion. Mahayana practitioners express their reverence through acts of devotion, including prostrations, making offerings, and chanting. Devotional practices serve as a means to deepen one’s connection with enlightened beings and foster qualities such as humility and gratitude.
Styles of Meditation
Theravada Meditation Techniques
Theravada Buddhism offers various meditation techniques that aim to cultivate mindfulness, concentration, and insight. One of the most prominent practices is vipassana, also known as insight meditation, which involves observing the nature of phenomena and developing an understanding of impermanence, suffering, and non-self. Samatha meditation, focused on tranquility and concentration, is also practiced to develop a calm and focused mind.
Mahayana Meditation Techniques
Mahayana Buddhism encompasses a wide range of meditation techniques that align with the various paths and practices within the tradition. In addition to practices similar to Theravada, Mahayana practitioners may engage in visualization meditation, mantra recitation, and deity yoga. These techniques are employed to purify one’s mind, cultivate compassion, and generate a sense of connection with enlightened beings.
Spread and Popularity
Theravada – Predominant in Southeast Asia
Theravada Buddhism has flourished and gained prominence in countries such as Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos. It has deeply influenced the cultures and traditions of these regions. The focus on individual practice and the teachings of the Pali Canon have resonated with the people of Southeast Asia, where Theravada remains the dominant form of Buddhism.
Mahayana – Widely Practiced in East Asia and beyond
Mahayana Buddhism has had a profound impact on East Asia, particularly in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Over the centuries, it integrated with indigenous beliefs and customs, resulting in unique traditions such as Zen, Pure Land, and Tiantai. Mahayana Buddhism’s accessibility and emphasis on compassion and universal liberation have contributed to its popularity and its spread to other parts of the world.
By understanding the historical origins, scriptures and texts, philosophical approaches, objectives, and key differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism, you can appreciate the richness and diversity present within the broader Buddhist tradition. Whether you resonate with the disciplined pursuit of personal liberation or the inclusive path of the bodhisattva, both branches offer profound teachings and practices that can guide you on the path to peace, wisdom, and enlightenment.